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"""Generate cryptographically strong pseudo-random numbers suitable for
managing secrets such as account authentication, tokens, and similar.
See PEP 506 for more information.
https://peps.python.org/pep-0506/
"""
__all__ = ['choice', 'randbelow', 'randbits', 'SystemRandom',
'token_bytes', 'token_hex', 'token_urlsafe',
'compare_digest',
]
import base64
import binascii
from hmac import compare_digest
from random import SystemRandom
_sysrand = SystemRandom()
randbits = _sysrand.getrandbits
choice = _sysrand.choice
def randbelow(exclusive_upper_bound):
"""Return a random int in the range [0, n)."""
if exclusive_upper_bound <= 0:
raise ValueError("Upper bound must be positive.")
return _sysrand._randbelow(exclusive_upper_bound)
DEFAULT_ENTROPY = 32 # number of bytes to return by default
def token_bytes(nbytes=None):
"""Return a random byte string containing *nbytes* bytes.
If *nbytes* is ``None`` or not supplied, a reasonable
default is used.
>>> token_bytes(16) #doctest:+SKIP
b'\\xebr\\x17D*t\\xae\\xd4\\xe3S\\xb6\\xe2\\xebP1\\x8b'
"""
if nbytes is None:
nbytes = DEFAULT_ENTROPY
return _sysrand.randbytes(nbytes)
def token_hex(nbytes=None):
"""Return a random text string, in hexadecimal.
The string has *nbytes* random bytes, each byte converted to two
hex digits. If *nbytes* is ``None`` or not supplied, a reasonable
default is used.
>>> token_hex(16) #doctest:+SKIP
'f9bf78b9a18ce6d46a0cd2b0b86df9da'
"""
return binascii.hexlify(token_bytes(nbytes)).decode('ascii')
def token_urlsafe(nbytes=None):
"""Return a random URL-safe text string, in Base64 encoding.
The string has *nbytes* random bytes. If *nbytes* is ``None``
or not supplied, a reasonable default is used.
>>> token_urlsafe(16) #doctest:+SKIP
'Drmhze6EPcv0fN_81Bj-nA'
"""
tok = token_bytes(nbytes)
return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(tok).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')