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package Try::Tiny; # git description: v0.29-2-g3b23a06
use 5.006;
# ABSTRACT: Minimal try/catch with proper preservation of $@
our $VERSION = '0.30';
use strict;
use warnings;
use Exporter 5.57 'import';
our @EXPORT = our @EXPORT_OK = qw(try catch finally);
use Carp;
$Carp::Internal{+__PACKAGE__}++;
BEGIN {
my $su = $INC{'Sub/Util.pm'} && defined &Sub::Util::set_subname;
my $sn = $INC{'Sub/Name.pm'} && eval { Sub::Name->VERSION(0.08) };
unless ($su || $sn) {
$su = eval { require Sub::Util; } && defined &Sub::Util::set_subname;
unless ($su) {
$sn = eval { require Sub::Name; Sub::Name->VERSION(0.08) };
}
}
*_subname = $su ? \&Sub::Util::set_subname
: $sn ? \&Sub::Name::subname
: sub { $_[1] };
*_HAS_SUBNAME = ($su || $sn) ? sub(){1} : sub(){0};
}
my %_finally_guards;
# Need to prototype as @ not $$ because of the way Perl evaluates the prototype.
# Keeping it at $$ means you only ever get 1 sub because we need to eval in a list
# context & not a scalar one
sub try (&;@) {
my ( $try, @code_refs ) = @_;
# we need to save this here, the eval block will be in scalar context due
# to $failed
my $wantarray = wantarray;
# work around perl bug by explicitly initializing these, due to the likelyhood
# this will be used in global destruction (perl rt#119311)
my ( $catch, @finally ) = ();
# find labeled blocks in the argument list.
# catch and finally tag the blocks by blessing a scalar reference to them.
foreach my $code_ref (@code_refs) {
if ( ref($code_ref) eq 'Try::Tiny::Catch' ) {
croak 'A try() may not be followed by multiple catch() blocks'
if $catch;
$catch = ${$code_ref};
} elsif ( ref($code_ref) eq 'Try::Tiny::Finally' ) {
push @finally, ${$code_ref};
} else {
croak(
'try() encountered an unexpected argument ('
. ( defined $code_ref ? $code_ref : 'undef' )
. ') - perhaps a missing semi-colon before or'
);
}
}
# FIXME consider using local $SIG{__DIE__} to accumulate all errors. It's
# not perfect, but we could provide a list of additional errors for
# $catch->();
# name the blocks if we have Sub::Name installed
_subname(caller().'::try {...} ' => $try)
if _HAS_SUBNAME;
# set up scope guards to invoke the finally blocks at the end.
# this should really be a function scope lexical variable instead of
# file scope + local but that causes issues with perls < 5.20 due to
# perl rt#119311
local $_finally_guards{guards} = [
map { Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard->_new($_) }
@finally
];
# save the value of $@ so we can set $@ back to it in the beginning of the eval
# and restore $@ after the eval finishes
my $prev_error = $@;
my ( @ret, $error );
# failed will be true if the eval dies, because 1 will not be returned
# from the eval body
my $failed = not eval {
$@ = $prev_error;
# evaluate the try block in the correct context
if ( $wantarray ) {
@ret = $try->();
} elsif ( defined $wantarray ) {
$ret[0] = $try->();
} else {
$try->();
};
return 1; # properly set $failed to false
};
# preserve the current error and reset the original value of $@
$error = $@;
$@ = $prev_error;
# at this point $failed contains a true value if the eval died, even if some
# destructor overwrote $@ as the eval was unwinding.
if ( $failed ) {
# pass $error to the finally blocks
push @$_, $error for @{$_finally_guards{guards}};
# if we got an error, invoke the catch block.
if ( $catch ) {
# This works like given($error), but is backwards compatible and
# sets $_ in the dynamic scope for the body of C<$catch>
for ($error) {
return $catch->($error);
}
# in case when() was used without an explicit return, the C<for>
# loop will be aborted and there's no useful return value
}
return;
} else {
# no failure, $@ is back to what it was, everything is fine
return $wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0];
}
}
sub catch (&;@) {
my ( $block, @rest ) = @_;
croak 'Useless bare catch()' unless wantarray;
_subname(caller().'::catch {...} ' => $block)
if _HAS_SUBNAME;
return (
bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Catch'),
@rest,
);
}
sub finally (&;@) {
my ( $block, @rest ) = @_;
croak 'Useless bare finally()' unless wantarray;
_subname(caller().'::finally {...} ' => $block)
if _HAS_SUBNAME;
return (
bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Finally'),
@rest,
);
}
{
package # hide from PAUSE
Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard;
use constant UNSTABLE_DOLLARAT => ("$]" < '5.013002') ? 1 : 0;
sub _new {
shift;
bless [ @_ ];
}
sub DESTROY {
my ($code, @args) = @{ $_[0] };
local $@ if UNSTABLE_DOLLARAT;
eval {
$code->(@args);
1;
} or do {
warn
"Execution of finally() block $code resulted in an exception, which "
. '*CAN NOT BE PROPAGATED* due to fundamental limitations of Perl. '
. 'Your program will continue as if this event never took place. '
. "Original exception text follows:\n\n"
. (defined $@ ? $@ : '$@ left undefined...')
. "\n"
;
}
}
}
__PACKAGE__
__END__
=pod
=encoding UTF-8
=head1 NAME
Try::Tiny - Minimal try/catch with proper preservation of $@
=head1 VERSION
version 0.30
=head1 SYNOPSIS
You can use Try::Tiny's C<try> and C<catch> to expect and handle exceptional
conditions, avoiding quirks in Perl and common mistakes:
# handle errors with a catch handler
try {
die "foo";
} catch {
warn "caught error: $_"; # not $@
};
You can also use it like a standalone C<eval> to catch and ignore any error
conditions. Obviously, this is an extreme measure not to be undertaken
lightly:
# just silence errors
try {
die "foo";
};
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module provides bare bones C<try>/C<catch>/C<finally> statements that are designed to
minimize common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else.
This is unlike L<TryCatch> which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding
another call stack layer, and supports calling C<return> from the C<try> block to
return from the parent subroutine. These extra features come at a cost of a few
dependencies, namely L<Devel::Declare> and L<Scope::Upper> which are
occasionally problematic, and the additional catch filtering uses L<Moose>
type constraints which may not be desirable either.
The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling
for those having a hard time installing L<TryCatch>, but who still want to
write correct C<eval> blocks without 5 lines of boilerplate each time.
It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various
pathological edge cases (see L</BACKGROUND>) and to be compatible with any style
of error values (simple strings, references, objects, overloaded objects, etc).
If the C<try> block dies, it returns the value of the last statement executed in
the C<catch> block, if there is one. Otherwise, it returns C<undef> in scalar
context or the empty list in list context. The following examples all
assign C<"bar"> to C<$x>:
my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" };
my $x = try { die "foo" } || "bar";
my $x = (try { die "foo" }) // "bar";
my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar";
You can add C<finally> blocks, yielding the following:
my $x;
try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' };
try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' };
C<finally> blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup code
which cannot be handled using local. You can add as many C<finally> blocks to a
given C<try> block as you like.
Note that adding a C<finally> block without a preceding C<catch> block
suppresses any errors. This behaviour is consistent with using a standalone
C<eval>, but it is not consistent with C<try>/C<finally> patterns found in
other programming languages, such as Java, Python, Javascript or C#. If you
learnt the C<try>/C<finally> pattern from one of these languages, watch out for
this.
=head1 EXPORTS
All functions are exported by default using L<Exporter>.
If you need to rename the C<try>, C<catch> or C<finally> keyword consider using
L<Sub::Import> to get L<Sub::Exporter>'s flexibility.
=over 4
=item try (&;@)
Takes one mandatory C<try> subroutine, an optional C<catch> subroutine and C<finally>
subroutine.
The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an C<eval> block.
If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving
list/scalar context.
If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked
with the error in C<$_> (localized) and as that block's first and only
argument.
C<$@> does B<not> contain the error. Inside the C<catch> block it has the same
value it had before the C<try> block was executed.
Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the C<catch> block will
still be invoked.
Once all execution is finished then the C<finally> block, if given, will execute.
=item catch (&;@)
Intended to be used in the second argument position of C<try>.
Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as
C<Try::Tiny::Catch> which allows try to decode correctly what to do
with this code reference.
catch { ... }
Inside the C<catch> block the caught error is stored in C<$_>, while previous
value of C<$@> is still available for use. This value may or may not be
meaningful depending on what happened before the C<try>, but it might be a good
idea to preserve it in an error stack.
For code that captures C<$@> when throwing new errors (i.e.
L<Class::Throwable>), you'll need to do:
local $@ = $_;
=item finally (&;@)
try { ... }
catch { ... }
finally { ... };
Or
try { ... }
finally { ... };
Or even
try { ... }
finally { ... }
catch { ... };
Intended to be the second or third element of C<try>. C<finally> blocks are always
executed in the event of a successful C<try> or if C<catch> is run. This allows
you to locate cleanup code which cannot be done via C<local()> e.g. closing a file
handle.
When invoked, the C<finally> block is passed the error that was caught. If no
error was caught, it is passed nothing. (Note that the C<finally> block does not
localize C<$_> with the error, since unlike in a C<catch> block, there is no way
to know if C<$_ == undef> implies that there were no errors.) In other words,
the following code does just what you would expect:
try {
die_sometimes();
} catch {
# ...code run in case of error
} finally {
if (@_) {
print "The try block died with: @_\n";
} else {
print "The try block ran without error.\n";
}
};
B<You must always do your own error handling in the C<finally> block>. C<Try::Tiny> will
not do anything about handling possible errors coming from code located in these
blocks.
Furthermore B<exceptions in C<finally> blocks are not trappable and are unable
to influence the execution of your program>. This is due to limitation of
C<DESTROY>-based scope guards, which C<finally> is implemented on top of. This
may change in a future version of Try::Tiny.
In the same way C<catch()> blesses the code reference this subroutine does the same
except it bless them as C<Try::Tiny::Finally>.
=back
=head1 BACKGROUND
There are a number of issues with C<eval>.
=head2 Clobbering $@
When you run an C<eval> block and it succeeds, C<$@> will be cleared, potentially
clobbering an error that is currently being caught.
This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have
not yet handled.
C<$@> must be properly localized before invoking C<eval> in order to avoid this
issue.
More specifically,
L<before Perl version 5.14.0|perl5140delta/"Exception Handling">
C<$@> was clobbered at the beginning of the C<eval>, which
also made it impossible to capture the previous error before you die (for
instance when making exception objects with error stacks).
For this reason C<try> will actually set C<$@> to its previous value (the one
available before entering the C<try> block) in the beginning of the C<eval>
block.
=head2 Localizing $@ silently masks errors
Inside an C<eval> block, C<die> behaves sort of like:
sub die {
$@ = $_[0];
return_undef_from_eval();
}
This means that if you were polite and localized C<$@> you can't die in that
scope, or your error will be discarded (printing "Something's wrong" instead).
The workaround is very ugly:
my $error = do {
local $@;
eval { ... };
$@;
};
...
die $error;
=head2 $@ might not be a true value
This code is wrong:
if ( $@ ) {
...
}
because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset.
C<$@> could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but
that's asking for trouble anyway.
The classic failure mode (fixed in L<Perl 5.14.0|perl5140delta/"Exception Handling">) is:
sub Object::DESTROY {
eval { ... }
}
eval {
my $obj = Object->new;
die "foo";
};
if ( $@ ) {
}
In this case since C<Object::DESTROY> is not localizing C<$@> but still uses
C<eval>, it will set C<$@> to C<"">.
The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after C<die> sets C<$@> to
C<"foo at Foo.pm line 42\n">, so by the time C<if ( $@ )> is evaluated it has
been cleared by C<eval> in the destructor.
The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we
can't save the value of C<$@> from code that doesn't localize, we can at least
be sure the C<eval> was aborted due to an error:
my $failed = not eval {
...
return 1;
};
This is because an C<eval> that caught a C<die> will always return a false
value.
=head1 ALTERNATE SYNTAX
Using Perl 5.10 you can use L<perlsyn/"Switch statements"> (but please don't,
because that syntax has since been deprecated because there was too much
unexpected magical behaviour).
=for stopwords topicalizer
The C<catch> block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a C<given> block),
but note that you can't return a useful value from C<catch> using the C<when>
blocks without an explicit C<return>.
This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's C<CATCH> blocks. You can use it to
concisely match errors:
try {
require Foo;
} catch {
when (/^Can't locate .*?\.pm in \@INC/) { } # ignore
default { die $_ }
};
=head1 CAVEATS
=over 4
=item *
C<@_> is not available within the C<try> block, so you need to copy your
argument list. In case you want to work with argument values directly via C<@_>
aliasing (i.e. allow C<$_[1] = "foo">), you need to pass C<@_> by reference:
sub foo {
my ( $self, @args ) = @_;
try { $self->bar(@args) }
}
or
sub bar_in_place {
my $self = shift;
my $args = \@_;
try { $_ = $self->bar($_) for @$args }
}
=item *
C<return> returns from the C<try> block, not from the parent sub (note that
this is also how C<eval> works, but not how L<TryCatch> works):
sub parent_sub {
try {
die;
}
catch {
return;
};
say "this text WILL be displayed, even though an exception is thrown";
}
Instead, you should capture the return value:
sub parent_sub {
my $success = try {
die;
1;
};
return unless $success;
say "This text WILL NEVER appear!";
}
# OR
sub parent_sub_with_catch {
my $success = try {
die;
1;
}
catch {
# do something with $_
return undef; #see note
};
return unless $success;
say "This text WILL NEVER appear!";
}
Note that if you have a C<catch> block, it must return C<undef> for this to work,
since if a C<catch> block exists, its return value is returned in place of C<undef>
when an exception is thrown.
=item *
C<try> introduces another caller stack frame. L<Sub::Uplevel> is not used. L<Carp>
will not report this when using full stack traces, though, because
C<%Carp::Internal> is used. This lack of magic is considered a feature.
=for stopwords unhygienically
=item *
The value of C<$_> in the C<catch> block is not guaranteed to be the value of
the exception thrown (C<$@>) in the C<try> block. There is no safe way to
ensure this, since C<eval> may be used unhygienically in destructors. The only
guarantee is that the C<catch> will be called if an exception is thrown.
=item *
The return value of the C<catch> block is not ignored, so if testing the result
of the expression for truth on success, be sure to return a false value from
the C<catch> block:
my $obj = try {
MightFail->new;
} catch {
...
return; # avoid returning a true value;
};
return unless $obj;
=item *
C<$SIG{__DIE__}> is still in effect.
Though it can be argued that C<$SIG{__DIE__}> should be disabled inside of
C<eval> blocks, since it isn't people have grown to rely on it. Therefore in
the interests of compatibility, C<try> does not disable C<$SIG{__DIE__}> for
the scope of the error throwing code.
=item *
Lexical C<$_> may override the one set by C<catch>.
For example Perl 5.10's C<given> form uses a lexical C<$_>, creating some
confusing behavior:
given ($foo) {
when (...) {
try {
...
} catch {
warn $_; # will print $foo, not the error
warn $_[0]; # instead, get the error like this
}
}
}
Note that this behavior was changed once again in
L<Perl5 version 18|https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#given-now-aliases-the-global-_>.
However, since the entirety of lexical C<$_> is now L<considered experimental
|https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#Lexical-_-is-now-experimental>, it
is unclear whether the new version 18 behavior is final.
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
=over 4
=item L<TryCatch>
Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but at the cost of
implementation complexity.
=item L<autodie>
Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more. Also designed to
work well with C<given>/C<when>.
=item L<Throwable>
A lightweight role for rolling your own exception classes.
=item L<Error>
Exception object implementation with a C<try> statement. Does not localize
C<$@>.
=item L<Exception::Class::TryCatch>
Provides a C<catch> statement, but properly calling C<eval> is your
responsibility.
The C<try> keyword pushes C<$@> onto an error stack, avoiding some of the
issues with C<$@>, but you still need to localize to prevent clobbering.
=back
=head1 LIGHTNING TALK
I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox
only):
L<http://web.archive.org/web/20100628040134/http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul>
Or read the source:
L<http://web.archive.org/web/20100305133605/http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml>
=head1 SUPPORT
Bugs may be submitted through L<the RT bug tracker|https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Try-Tiny>
(or L<bug-Try-Tiny@rt.cpan.org|mailto:bug-Try-Tiny@rt.cpan.org>).
=head1 AUTHORS
=over 4
=item *
יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
=item *
Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>
=back
=head1 CONTRIBUTORS
=for stopwords Karen Etheridge Peter Rabbitson Ricardo Signes Mark Fowler Graham Knop Lukas Mai Aristotle Pagaltzis Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker Paul Howarth Rudolf Leermakers anaxagoras awalker chromatic Alex cm-perl Andrew Yates David Lowe Glenn Hans Dieter Pearcey Jens Berthold Jonathan Yu Marc Mims Stosberg Pali
=over 4
=item *
Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
=item *
Peter Rabbitson <ribasushi@cpan.org>
=item *
Ricardo Signes <rjbs@cpan.org>
=item *
Mark Fowler <mark@twoshortplanks.com>
=item *
Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>
=item *
Lukas Mai <l.mai@web.de>
=item *
Aristotle Pagaltzis <pagaltzis@gmx.de>
=item *
Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
=item *
Paul Howarth <paul@city-fan.org>
=item *
Rudolf Leermakers <rudolf@hatsuseno.org>
=item *
anaxagoras <walkeraj@gmail.com>
=item *
awalker <awalker@sourcefire.com>
=item *
chromatic <chromatic@wgz.org>
=item *
Alex <alex@koban.(none)>
=item *
cm-perl <cm-perl@users.noreply.github.com>
=item *
Andrew Yates <ayates@haddock.local>
=item *
David Lowe <davidl@lokku.com>
=item *
Glenn Fowler <cebjyre@cpan.org>
=item *
Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>
=item *
Jens Berthold <jens@jebecs.de>
=item *
Jonathan Yu <JAWNSY@cpan.org>
=item *
Marc Mims <marc@questright.com>
=item *
Mark Stosberg <mark@stosberg.com>
=item *
Pali <pali@cpan.org>
=back
=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
This software is Copyright (c) 2009 by יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman).
This is free software, licensed under:
The MIT (X11) License
=cut