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name : file.pm
 package URI::file;

use strict;
use warnings;

use parent 'URI::_generic';
our $VERSION = "4.21";

use URI::Escape qw(uri_unescape);

our $DEFAULT_AUTHORITY = "";

# Map from $^O values to implementation classes.  The Unix
# class is the default.
our %OS_CLASS = (
     os2     => "OS2",
     mac     => "Mac",
     MacOS   => "Mac",
     MSWin32 => "Win32",
     win32   => "Win32",
     msdos   => "FAT",
     dos     => "FAT",
     qnx     => "QNX",
);

sub os_class
{
    my($OS) = shift || $^O;

    my $class = "URI::file::" . ($OS_CLASS{$OS} || "Unix");
    no strict 'refs';
    unless (%{"$class\::"}) {
	eval "require $class";
	die $@ if $@;
    }
    $class;
}

sub host { uri_unescape(shift->authority(@_)) }

sub new
{
    my($class, $path, $os) = @_;
    os_class($os)->new($path);
}

sub new_abs
{
    my $class = shift;
    my $file = $class->new(@_);
    return $file->abs($class->cwd) unless $$file =~ /^file:/;
    $file;
}

sub cwd
{
    my $class = shift;
    require Cwd;
    my $cwd = Cwd::cwd();
    $cwd = VMS::Filespec::unixpath($cwd) if $^O eq 'VMS';
    $cwd = $class->new($cwd);
    $cwd .= "/" unless substr($cwd, -1, 1) eq "/";
    $cwd;
}

sub canonical {
    my $self = shift;
    my $other = $self->SUPER::canonical;

    my $scheme = $other->scheme;
    my $auth = $other->authority;
    return $other if !defined($scheme) && !defined($auth);  # relative

    if (!defined($auth) ||
	$auth eq "" ||
	lc($auth) eq "localhost" ||
	(defined($DEFAULT_AUTHORITY) && lc($auth) eq lc($DEFAULT_AUTHORITY))
       )
    {
	# avoid cloning if $auth already match
	if ((defined($auth) || defined($DEFAULT_AUTHORITY)) &&
	    (!defined($auth) || !defined($DEFAULT_AUTHORITY) || $auth ne $DEFAULT_AUTHORITY)
	   )
	{
	    $other = $other->clone if $self == $other;
	    $other->authority($DEFAULT_AUTHORITY);
        }
    }

    $other;
}

sub file
{
    my($self, $os) = @_;
    os_class($os)->file($self);
}

sub dir
{
    my($self, $os) = @_;
    os_class($os)->dir($self);
}

1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

URI::file - URI that maps to local file names

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 use URI::file;
 
 $u1 = URI->new("file:/foo/bar");
 $u2 = URI->new("foo/bar", "file");
 
 $u3 = URI::file->new($path);
 $u4 = URI::file->new("c:\\windows\\", "win32");
 
 $u1->file;
 $u1->file("mac");

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The C<URI::file> class supports C<URI> objects belonging to the I<file>
URI scheme.  This scheme allows us to map the conventional file names
found on various computer systems to the URI name space.  An old
specification of the I<file> URI scheme is found in RFC 1738.  Some
older background information is also in RFC 1630. There are no newer
specifications as far as I know.

If you simply want to construct I<file> URI objects from URI strings,
use the normal C<URI> constructor.  If you want to construct I<file>
URI objects from the actual file names used by various systems, then
use one of the following C<URI::file> constructors:

=over 4

=item $u = URI::file->new( $filename, [$os] )

Maps a file name to the I<file:> URI name space, creates a URI object
and returns it.  The $filename is interpreted as belonging to the
indicated operating system ($os), which defaults to the value of the
$^O variable.  The $filename can be either absolute or relative, and
the corresponding type of URI object for $os is returned.

=item $u = URI::file->new_abs( $filename, [$os] )

Same as URI::file->new, but makes sure that the URI returned
represents an absolute file name.  If the $filename argument is
relative, then the name is resolved relative to the current directory,
i.e. this constructor is really the same as:

  URI::file->new($filename)->abs(URI::file->cwd);

=item $u = URI::file->cwd

Returns a I<file> URI that represents the current working directory.
See L<Cwd>.

=back

The following methods are supported for I<file> URI (in addition to
the common and generic methods described in L<URI>):

=over 4

=item $u->file( [$os] )

Returns a file name.  It maps from the URI name space
to the file name space of the indicated operating system.

It might return C<undef> if the name can not be represented in the
indicated file system.

=item $u->dir( [$os] )

Some systems use a different form for names of directories than for plain
files.  Use this method if you know you want to use the name for
a directory.

=back

The C<URI::file> module can be used to map generic file names to names
suitable for the current system.  As such, it can work as a nice
replacement for the C<File::Spec> module.  For instance, the following
code translates the UNIX-style file name F<Foo/Bar.pm> to a name
suitable for the local system:

  $file = URI::file->new("Foo/Bar.pm", "unix")->file;
  die "Can't map filename Foo/Bar.pm for $^O" unless defined $file;
  open(FILE, $file) || die "Can't open '$file': $!";
  # do something with FILE

=head1 MAPPING NOTES

Most computer systems today have hierarchically organized file systems.
Mapping the names used in these systems to the generic URI syntax
allows us to work with relative file URIs that behave as they should
when resolved using the generic algorithm for URIs (specified in RFC
2396).  Mapping a file name to the generic URI syntax involves mapping
the path separator character to "/" and encoding any reserved
characters that appear in the path segments of the file name.  If
path segments consisting of the strings "." or ".." have a
different meaning than what is specified for generic URIs, then these
must be encoded as well.

If the file system has device, volume or drive specifications as
the root of the name space, then it makes sense to map them to the
authority field of the generic URI syntax.  This makes sure that
relative URIs can not be resolved "above" them, i.e. generally how
relative file names work in those systems.

Another common use of the authority field is to encode the host on which
this file name is valid.  The host name "localhost" is special and
generally has the same meaning as a missing or empty authority
field.  This use is in conflict with using it as a device
specification, but can often be resolved for device specifications
having characters not legal in plain host names.

File name to URI mapping in normally not one-to-one.  There are
usually many URIs that map to any given file name.  For instance, an
authority of "localhost" maps the same as a URI with a missing or empty
authority.

Example 1: The Mac classic (Mac OS 9 and earlier) used ":" as path separator,
but not in the same way as a generic URI. ":foo" was a relative name.  "foo:bar"
was an absolute name.  Also, path segments could contain the "/" character as well
as the literal "." or "..".  So the mapping looks like this:

  Mac classic           URI
  ----------            -------------------
  :foo:bar     <==>     foo/bar
  :            <==>     ./
  ::foo:bar    <==>     ../foo/bar
  :::          <==>     ../../
  foo:bar      <==>     file:/foo/bar
  foo:bar:     <==>     file:/foo/bar/
  ..           <==>     %2E%2E
  <undef>      <==      /
  foo/         <==      file:/foo%2F
  ./foo.txt    <==      file:/.%2Ffoo.txt

Note that if you want a relative URL, you *must* begin the path with a :.  Any
path that begins with [^:] is treated as absolute.

Example 2: The UNIX file system is easy to map, as it uses the same path
separator as URIs, has a single root, and segments of "." and ".."
have the same meaning.  URIs that have the character "\0" or "/" as
part of any path segment can not be turned into valid UNIX file names.

  UNIX                  URI
  ----------            ------------------
  foo/bar      <==>     foo/bar
  /foo/bar     <==>     file:/foo/bar
  /foo/bar     <==      file://localhost/foo/bar
  file:         ==>     ./file:
  <undef>      <==      file:/fo%00/bar
  /            <==>     file:/

=cut


RFC 1630

   [...]

   There is clearly a danger of confusion that a link made to a local
   file should be followed by someone on a different system, with
   unexpected and possibly harmful results.  Therefore, the convention
   is that even a "file" URL is provided with a host part.  This allows
   a client on another system to know that it cannot access the file
   system, or perhaps to use some other local mechanism to access the
   file.

   The special value "localhost" is used in the host field to indicate
   that the filename should really be used on whatever host one is.
   This for example allows links to be made to files which are
   distributed on many machines, or to "your unix local password file"
   subject of course to consistency across the users of the data.

   A void host field is equivalent to "localhost".

=head1 CONFIGURATION VARIABLES

The following configuration variables influence how the class and its
methods behave:

=over

=item %URI::file::OS_CLASS

This hash maps OS identifiers to implementation classes.  You might
want to add or modify this if you want to plug in your own file
handler class.  Normally the keys should match the $^O values in use.

If there is no mapping then the "Unix" implementation is used.

=item $URI::file::DEFAULT_AUTHORITY

This determine what "authority" string to include in absolute file
URIs.  It defaults to "".  If you prefer verbose URIs you might set it
to be "localhost".

Setting this value to C<undef> force behaviour compatible to URI v1.31
and earlier.  In this mode host names in UNC paths and drive letters
are mapped to the authority component on Windows, while we produce
authority-less URIs on Unix.

=back


=head1 SEE ALSO

L<URI>, L<File::Spec>, L<perlport>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 1995-1998,2004 Gisle Aas.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut
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