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name : pymem.h
 /* The PyMem_ family:  low-level memory allocation interfaces.
   See objimpl.h for the PyObject_ memory family.
*/

#ifndef Py_PYMEM_H
#define Py_PYMEM_H

#include "pyport.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_RawMalloc(size_t size);
PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_RawCalloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_RawRealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size);
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyMem_RawFree(void *ptr);

/* Configure the Python memory allocators. Pass NULL to use default
   allocators. */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyMem_SetupAllocators(const char *opt);

#ifdef WITH_PYMALLOC
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyMem_PymallocEnabled(void);
#endif

/* Identifier of an address space (domain) in tracemalloc */
typedef unsigned int _PyTraceMalloc_domain_t;

/* Track an allocated memory block in the tracemalloc module.
   Return 0 on success, return -1 on error (failed to allocate memory to store
   the trace).

   Return -2 if tracemalloc is disabled.

   If memory block is already tracked, update the existing trace. */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyTraceMalloc_Track(
    _PyTraceMalloc_domain_t domain,
    uintptr_t ptr,
    size_t size);

/* Untrack an allocated memory block in the tracemalloc module.
   Do nothing if the block was not tracked.

   Return -2 if tracemalloc is disabled, otherwise return 0. */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyTraceMalloc_Untrack(
    _PyTraceMalloc_domain_t domain,
    uintptr_t ptr);

/* Get the traceback where a memory block was allocated.

   Return a tuple of (filename: str, lineno: int) tuples.

   Return None if the tracemalloc module is disabled or if the memory block
   is not tracked by tracemalloc.

   Raise an exception and return NULL on error. */
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyTraceMalloc_GetTraceback(
    _PyTraceMalloc_domain_t domain,
    uintptr_t ptr);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyMem_IsFreed(void *ptr, size_t size);
#endif   /* !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) */


/* BEWARE:

   Each interface exports both functions and macros.  Extension modules should
   use the functions, to ensure binary compatibility across Python versions.
   Because the Python implementation is free to change internal details, and
   the macros may (or may not) expose details for speed, if you do use the
   macros you must recompile your extensions with each Python release.

   Never mix calls to PyMem_ with calls to the platform malloc/realloc/
   calloc/free.  For example, on Windows different DLLs may end up using
   different heaps, and if you use PyMem_Malloc you'll get the memory from the
   heap used by the Python DLL; it could be a disaster if you free()'ed that
   directly in your own extension.  Using PyMem_Free instead ensures Python
   can return the memory to the proper heap.  As another example, in
   PYMALLOC_DEBUG mode, Python wraps all calls to all PyMem_ and PyObject_
   memory functions in special debugging wrappers that add additional
   debugging info to dynamic memory blocks.  The system routines have no idea
   what to do with that stuff, and the Python wrappers have no idea what to do
   with raw blocks obtained directly by the system routines then.

   The GIL must be held when using these APIs.
*/

/*
 * Raw memory interface
 * ====================
 */

/* Functions

   Functions supplying platform-independent semantics for malloc/realloc/
   free.  These functions make sure that allocating 0 bytes returns a distinct
   non-NULL pointer (whenever possible -- if we're flat out of memory, NULL
   may be returned), even if the platform malloc and realloc don't.
   Returned pointers must be checked for NULL explicitly.  No action is
   performed on failure (no exception is set, no warning is printed, etc).
*/

PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_Malloc(size_t size);
#if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || Py_LIMITED_API+0 >= 0x03050000
PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_Calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
#endif
PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyMem_Realloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size);
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyMem_Free(void *ptr);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
PyAPI_FUNC(char *) _PyMem_RawStrdup(const char *str);
PyAPI_FUNC(char *) _PyMem_Strdup(const char *str);
#endif

/* Macros. */

/* PyMem_MALLOC(0) means malloc(1). Some systems would return NULL
   for malloc(0), which would be treated as an error. Some platforms
   would return a pointer with no memory behind it, which would break
   pymalloc. To solve these problems, allocate an extra byte. */
/* Returns NULL to indicate error if a negative size or size larger than
   Py_ssize_t can represent is supplied.  Helps prevents security holes. */
#define PyMem_MALLOC(n)         PyMem_Malloc(n)
#define PyMem_REALLOC(p, n)     PyMem_Realloc(p, n)
#define PyMem_FREE(p)           PyMem_Free(p)

/*
 * Type-oriented memory interface
 * ==============================
 *
 * Allocate memory for n objects of the given type.  Returns a new pointer
 * or NULL if the request was too large or memory allocation failed.  Use
 * these macros rather than doing the multiplication yourself so that proper
 * overflow checking is always done.
 */

#define PyMem_New(type, n) \
  ( ((size_t)(n) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(type)) ? NULL :	\
	( (type *) PyMem_Malloc((n) * sizeof(type)) ) )
#define PyMem_NEW(type, n) \
  ( ((size_t)(n) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(type)) ? NULL :	\
	( (type *) PyMem_MALLOC((n) * sizeof(type)) ) )

/*
 * The value of (p) is always clobbered by this macro regardless of success.
 * The caller MUST check if (p) is NULL afterwards and deal with the memory
 * error if so.  This means the original value of (p) MUST be saved for the
 * caller's memory error handler to not lose track of it.
 */
#define PyMem_Resize(p, type, n) \
  ( (p) = ((size_t)(n) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(type)) ? NULL :	\
	(type *) PyMem_Realloc((p), (n) * sizeof(type)) )
#define PyMem_RESIZE(p, type, n) \
  ( (p) = ((size_t)(n) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(type)) ? NULL :	\
	(type *) PyMem_REALLOC((p), (n) * sizeof(type)) )

/* PyMem{Del,DEL} are left over from ancient days, and shouldn't be used
 * anymore.  They're just confusing aliases for PyMem_{Free,FREE} now.
 */
#define PyMem_Del		PyMem_Free
#define PyMem_DEL		PyMem_FREE

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
typedef enum {
    /* PyMem_RawMalloc(), PyMem_RawRealloc() and PyMem_RawFree() */
    PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW,

    /* PyMem_Malloc(), PyMem_Realloc() and PyMem_Free() */
    PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM,

    /* PyObject_Malloc(), PyObject_Realloc() and PyObject_Free() */
    PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ
} PyMemAllocatorDomain;

typedef struct {
    /* user context passed as the first argument to the 4 functions */
    void *ctx;

    /* allocate a memory block */
    void* (*malloc) (void *ctx, size_t size);

    /* allocate a memory block initialized by zeros */
    void* (*calloc) (void *ctx, size_t nelem, size_t elsize);

    /* allocate or resize a memory block */
    void* (*realloc) (void *ctx, void *ptr, size_t new_size);

    /* release a memory block */
    void (*free) (void *ctx, void *ptr);
} PyMemAllocatorEx;

/* Get the memory block allocator of the specified domain. */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyMem_GetAllocator(PyMemAllocatorDomain domain,
                                    PyMemAllocatorEx *allocator);

/* Set the memory block allocator of the specified domain.

   The new allocator must return a distinct non-NULL pointer when requesting
   zero bytes.

   For the PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW domain, the allocator must be thread-safe: the GIL
   is not held when the allocator is called.

   If the new allocator is not a hook (don't call the previous allocator), the
   PyMem_SetupDebugHooks() function must be called to reinstall the debug hooks
   on top on the new allocator. */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyMem_SetAllocator(PyMemAllocatorDomain domain,
                                    PyMemAllocatorEx *allocator);

/* Setup hooks to detect bugs in the following Python memory allocator
   functions:

   - PyMem_RawMalloc(), PyMem_RawRealloc(), PyMem_RawFree()
   - PyMem_Malloc(), PyMem_Realloc(), PyMem_Free()
   - PyObject_Malloc(), PyObject_Realloc() and PyObject_Free()

   Newly allocated memory is filled with the byte 0xCB, freed memory is filled
   with the byte 0xDB. Additionnal checks:

   - detect API violations, ex: PyObject_Free() called on a buffer allocated
     by PyMem_Malloc()
   - detect write before the start of the buffer (buffer underflow)
   - detect write after the end of the buffer (buffer overflow)

   The function does nothing if Python is not compiled is debug mode. */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyMem_SetupDebugHooks(void);
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif /* !Py_PYMEM_H */
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