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open.pm
package open; use warnings; our $VERSION = '1.11'; require 5.008001; # for PerlIO::get_layers() my $locale_encoding; sub _get_encname { return ($1, Encode::resolve_alias($1)) if $_[0] =~ /^:?encoding\((.+)\)$/; return; } sub croak { require Carp; goto &Carp::croak; } sub _drop_oldenc { # If by the time we arrive here there already is at the top of the # perlio layer stack an encoding identical to what we would like # to push via this open pragma, we will pop away the old encoding # (+utf8) so that we can push ourselves in place (this is easier # than ignoring pushing ourselves because of the way how ${^OPEN} # works). So we are looking for something like # # stdio encoding(xxx) utf8 # # in the existing layer stack, and in the new stack chunk for # # :encoding(xxx) # # If we find a match, we pop the old stack (once, since # the utf8 is just a flag on the encoding layer) my ($h, @new) = @_; return unless @new >= 1 && $new[-1] =~ /^:encoding\(.+\)$/; my @old = PerlIO::get_layers($h); return unless @old >= 3 && $old[-1] eq 'utf8' && $old[-2] =~ /^encoding\(.+\)$/; require Encode; my ($loname, $lcname) = _get_encname($old[-2]); unless (defined $lcname) { # Should we trust get_layers()? croak("open: Unknown encoding '$loname'"); } my ($voname, $vcname) = _get_encname($new[-1]); unless (defined $vcname) { croak("open: Unknown encoding '$voname'"); } if ($lcname eq $vcname) { binmode($h, ":pop"); # utf8 is part of the encoding layer } } sub import { my ($class,@args) = @_; croak("open: needs explicit list of PerlIO layers") unless @args; my $std; my ($in,$out) = split(/\0/,(${^OPEN} || "\0"), -1); while (@args) { my $type = shift(@args); my $dscp; if ($type =~ /^:?(utf8|locale|encoding\(.+\))$/) { $type = 'IO'; $dscp = ":$1"; } elsif ($type eq ':std') { $std = 1; next; } else { $dscp = shift(@args) || ''; } my @val; foreach my $layer (split(/\s+/,$dscp)) { $layer =~ s/^://; if ($layer eq 'locale') { require Encode; require encoding; $locale_encoding = encoding::_get_locale_encoding() unless defined $locale_encoding; (warnings::warnif("layer", "Cannot figure out an encoding to use"), last) unless defined $locale_encoding; $layer = "encoding($locale_encoding)"; $std = 1; } else { my $target = $layer; # the layer name itself $target =~ s/^(\w+)\(.+\)$/$1/; # strip parameters unless(PerlIO::Layer::->find($target,1)) { warnings::warnif("layer", "Unknown PerlIO layer '$target'"); } } push(@val,":$layer"); if ($layer =~ /^(crlf|raw)$/) { $^H{"open_$type"} = $layer; } } if ($type eq 'IN') { _drop_oldenc(*STDIN, @val) if $std; $in = join(' ', @val); } elsif ($type eq 'OUT') { if ($std) { _drop_oldenc(*STDOUT, @val); _drop_oldenc(*STDERR, @val); } $out = join(' ', @val); } elsif ($type eq 'IO') { if ($std) { _drop_oldenc(*STDIN, @val); _drop_oldenc(*STDOUT, @val); _drop_oldenc(*STDERR, @val); } $in = $out = join(' ', @val); } else { croak "Unknown PerlIO layer class '$type' (need IN, OUT or IO)"; } } ${^OPEN} = join("\0", $in, $out); if ($std) { if ($in) { if ($in =~ /:utf8\b/) { binmode(STDIN, ":utf8"); } elsif ($in =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) { binmode(STDIN, ":$1"); } } if ($out) { if ($out =~ /:utf8\b/) { binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8"); binmode(STDERR, ":utf8"); } elsif ($out =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) { binmode(STDOUT, ":$1"); binmode(STDERR, ":$1"); } } } } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output =head1 SYNOPSIS use open IN => ":crlf", OUT => ":bytes"; use open OUT => ':utf8'; use open IO => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)"; use open IO => ':locale'; use open ':encoding(UTF-8)'; use open ':locale'; use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; use open ':std'; =head1 DESCRIPTION Full-fledged support for I/O layers is now implemented provided Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the default). The C<open> pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default "layers" (also known as "disciplines") for all I/O. Any two-argument open(), readpipe() (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the lexical scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults. Even three-argument opens may be affected by this pragma when they don't specify IO layers in MODE. With the C<IN> subpragma you can declare the default layers of input streams, and with the C<OUT> subpragma you can declare the default layers of output streams. With the C<IO> subpragma you can control both input and output streams simultaneously. If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the C<:encoding(...)> tag. If you want to set your encoding layers based on your locale environment variables, you can use the C<:locale> tag. For example: $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R'; # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG use open OUT => ':locale'; open(O, ">koi8"); print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1 close O; open(I, "<koi8"); printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1 close I; These are equivalent use open ':encoding(UTF-8)'; use open IO => ':encoding(UTF-8)'; as are these use open ':locale'; use open IO => ':locale'; and these use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and many encodings have several aliases. See L<Encode::Supported> for details and the list of supported locales. When open() is given an explicit list of layers (with the three-arg syntax), they override the list declared using this pragma. open() can also be given a single colon (:) for a layer name, to override this pragma and use the default (C<:raw> on Unix, C<:crlf> on Windows). The C<:std> subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with the C<:utf8> or C<:encoding> subpragmas, it converts the standard filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are chosen to be C<:encoding(UTF-8)>, a C<:std> will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are also in C<:encoding(UTF-8)>. On the other hand, if only output is chosen to be in C<< :encoding(koi8r) >>, a C<:std> will cause only the STDOUT and STDERR to be in C<koi8r>. The C<:locale> subpragma implicitly turns on C<:std>. The logic of C<:locale> is described in full in L<encoding>, but in short it is first trying nl_langinfo(CODESET) and then guessing from the LC_ALL and LANG locale environment variables. Directory handles may also support PerlIO layers in the future. =head1 NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two pseudo-layers C<:bytes> and C<:crlf> are available. The C<:bytes> layer corresponds to "binary mode" and the C<:crlf> layer corresponds to "text mode" on platforms that distinguish between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like platforms, including Windows). These two layers are no-ops on platforms where binmode() is a no-op, but perform their functions everywhere if PerlIO is enabled. =head1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS There is a class method in C<PerlIO::Layer> C<find> which is implemented as XS code. It is called by C<import> to validate the layers: PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio") The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class C<PerlIO::Layer> which is created by the C code in F<perlio.c>. As yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl level. =head1 SEE ALSO L<perlfunc/"binmode">, L<perlfunc/"open">, L<perlunicode>, L<PerlIO>, L<encoding> =cut
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